You're lookin' for some books on microelectronics. Check out "Microelectronic Circuits" by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith - it's a classic. Also, "The Art of Electronics" by Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill is another solid resource.
I've got a few solid recs - 'The Art of Electronics' by Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill is a great starting point, and 'Microelectronic Circuits' by Adel S. Sedra is a classic. Both are pretty affordable and cover the basics pretty well.